{"id":395,"date":"2018-05-12T15:16:26","date_gmt":"2018-05-12T15:16:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/offtotoronto.ca\/?p=395"},"modified":"2021-05-07T19:40:56","modified_gmt":"2021-05-07T19:40:56","slug":"part-3-on-climate-change-an-insight-into-climate-justice","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/concepcions.us\/geodaryll\/part-3-on-climate-change-an-insight-into-climate-justice\/","title":{"rendered":"Part 3: On Climate Change: An Insight into Climate Justice [UofT docs 2018]"},"content":{"rendered":"

[U of T submitted assignments]<\/em><\/p>\n

So What Now: Adaptation<\/strong><\/p>\n

In the face of all of these, I am not saying that developing countries should just lay back and let the developed countries to do all the work. As the developed countries focus on climate change mitigation, perhaps it would be better if developing countries focus on adaptation since it already has been recognized that developing countries are generally more vulnerable to the effects of climate change (Eckstein et al., 2017). This suggestion is also made by Mertz et al. (2009), where they state in their paper \u201cAdaptation to Climate Change in Developing Countries\u201d that because of uncertainties in how permanent observed short-term climate change effects, such as intense flooding, drought, heat waves, among others, it is essential to introduce climate resiliency and risk management projects. Mertz et al. (2009) go on to give particular examples to climate adaptation strategies such as dike building, and development of further irrigation systems for agriculture. Perhaps another strategy developing countries can adopt is an increase in the research and investment in alternative renewable energy sources; for example, developing countries in or near the Pacific Ring of Fire, like the Philippines, could invest in the creation of more geothermal power plants instead of coal or natural gas plants.<\/p>\n

Now, in terms of the funding for these projects, it must be noted that by 2010, a financial mechanism called the \u201cGreen Climate Fund\u201d (GCF) was already set up by the 194 parties to the UNFCCC. This fund was created with the goal of continuously provide funding to various mitigation and adaptation projects in developing countries (\u201cAbout the Fund\u201d, No Date). However, it is generally regarded that the GCF only came into force in 2014, after the Conference of the Parties 21 and the establishment of the Paris Agreement. Under the Agreement, developed countries pledged US$100 billion in climate finance per year by 2020 (Wu, 2013), and so far has raised US$10 billion (BBC, 2017). However, as of 2017, current U.S. President Donald Trump has pulled out of the Agreement (BBC, 2017), and as there is still no concrete indication of how the other developed countries will continue this climate finance project, it can be said that the fate of the GCF is currently in limbo.<\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

Overall, I reiterate my claim that, because of the fact that 70% of the total CO2 <\/sub>produced originated from developed countries, these same countries bear much of the responsibilities when it comes to climate change and its effects. As such, they should also be responsible in mitigating the effects of climate change, and in funding future loss and damage mechanisms, as well as future climate projects developing countries might need to adopt in order adapt to an ever-warming world. However, this does not mean that developing countries get a free pass; they too must help in the fight against climate change through additional research and climate projects of their own.<\/p>\n

As inhabitants of our common planet, we have the right and responsibility to call for better and stronger climate change mitigation and adaptation policies to ensure the betterment of our future.<\/p>\n

References:
\nAON Benfield. (2018). Companion Volume to Weather, Climate and Catastrophe Insight: Additional Data to Accompany the 2017 Annual Report. Retrieved from: http:\/\/thoughtleadership.aonbenfield.com\/Documents\/20180124-ab-if-annual-companion-volume.pdf
\nBachmeier, S. (2013, November 7). Super Typhoon Haiyan [Blog] Retrieved from: http:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/goes\/blog\/archives\/14311
\nBankoff, G., Borrinaga, G. E. (2016). Whethering the Storm. In G. V. Button & M. Schuller (Eds.), Contextualizing Disaster (pp. 44-65). New York, NY: Berghahn Books.
\nBBC. (2017, June 2). Reality check: What do countries spend on climate fund?. BBC. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-us-canada-40138062
\nBostrom, A., O\u2019Connor, R. E., B\u00f6hm, G., Hanss, D., Bodi, O., Ekstr\u00f6m, F., . . . S\u00e6lensminde, I. (2012). Causal thinking and support for climate change policies: International survey findings. Global Environmental Change, 22(1), 210-222.10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2011.09. 012
\nBritish Petroleum. (2017). BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2017. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.bp.com\/content\/dam\/bp\/en\/corporate\/pdf\/energy-economics\/statistical-review-2017\/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2017-full-report.pdf
\nCarter, V. A., & Fraser, G. S., & Zalik, A. (2017). Environmental Policy Convergence in Canada\u2019s Fossil Fuel Provinces? Regulatory Streamlining, Impediments, and Drift. Canadian Public Policy 43(1), 61-76. University of Toronto Press. Retrieved February 10, 2018, from Project MUSE database.
\nClimate Focus. (2015). Loss and damage in the Paris agreement. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.climatefocus.com\/sites\/default\/files\/20160214%20Loss%20and%20Damage%20Paris_FIN.pdf
\nDuus-Otterstr\u00f6m, G. (2014). The Problem of Past Emissions and Intergenerational Debts. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 17(4), 448\u2013469. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/13698230.2013.810395
\nEckstein, D., K\u00fcnzel, V., Sch\u00e4fer, L. (2017) Global Climate Risk Index 2018. Retrieved from: https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/sites\/reliefweb.int\/files\/resources\/20432.pdf
\nMcKenzie, A. (2017, December 28). From ‘angry summer’ to ‘weird winter’: 2017 was riddled with extreme weather. The Guardian. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/2017\/dec\/28\/from-angry-summer-to-weird-winter-2017-was-riddled-with-extreme-weather
\nMogelgaard, K, & McGray, H. (2015, December 24). When adaptation is not enough: Paris agreement recognizes \u201closs and damage\u201d. World Resources Institute.<\/em> Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.wri.org\/blog\/2015\/12\/when-adaptation-not-enough-paris-agreement-recognizes-%E2%80%9Closs-and-damage%E2%80%9D
\nNo Author. (No Date). About the Fund. Green Climate Fund. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.greenclimate.fund\/who-we-are\/about-the-fund
\nPark, M. (2017, June 21). How hot is it in the west? Let us count the ways. CNN. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2017\/06\/20\/us\/weather-west-heat-wave\/index.html
\nPlumer, B. (2015, December 14). Past climate treaties failed. so the Paris deal will try something radically different. Vox<\/em>. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.vox.com\/2015\/12\/14\/10105422\/paris-climate-deal-history
\nReynolds, P. (2001, March 30). Kyoto: why did the US pullout?. BBC News. Retrieved from: http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/americas\/1248757.stm
\nThe New York Times. (2017, August 6). Europe swelters under a heat wave called \u2018lucifer.\u2019 The New York Times. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2017\/08\/06\/world\/europe\/europe-heat-wave.html
\nUnited Nations. (1992). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Retrieved from: https:\/\/unfccc.int\/resource\/docs\/convkp\/conveng.pdf
\nVerisk Maplecroft. (2016). Climate Change Vulnerability Index 2017. [Online Image]. Retrieved February 7, 2018. from: https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/sites\/reliefweb.int\/files\/resources\/verisk%20index.pdf
\nWaldman, S. (2017, March 20). Global carbon emissions level off even as economy grows. Scientific American. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/global-carbon-emissions-level-off-even-as-economy-grows\/
\nWu, B. (2013, June 25). Where\u2019s the money? The elephant in the boardroom. Huffington Post. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/brandon-wu\/wheres-the-money_b_3499523.html
\nYamada, S., & Galat, A. (2014). Typhoon Yolanda\/Haiyan and climate justice. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 8(5), 432-435. doi:10.1017\/dmp.2014.97<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Related Links:<\/p>\n

Part 1: On Climate Change: An Insight into Climate Justice [UofT docs 2018]<\/a><\/p>\n

Part 2: On Climate Change: An Insight into Climate Justice [UofT docs 2018]<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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